1982–1987 — The Birth of Japanese RPGs, re-told in 15 Games
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There’s very little awareness of Computer RPG history in the West, the stories told rarely goes beyond “one day Richard Garriott made Akalabeth”.
And that’s with everyone speaking English, developers still being around, many books on the subject (including mine), and impressive preservation efforts like emulators, the Internet Archive and Cyber1.
But if you ask about Japanese RPG history, things are even worse.
Few care about pre-Famicon/NES Japanese computers, their emulation is difficult, the language barrier is overwhelming, trusty sources are rare and companies like Koei have little interest in the crude titles of their youth.
As such, the origins of JRPGs are usually told as “one day Enix made Dragon Quest”. So let’s see if we can add some more depth to this conversation.
Part I — The Glorious Japanese Tech
Forget PS4 vs. Xbone, or Nvidia vs. ATI. Back in the 80’s, choosing hardware was serious business.
The Apple II, IBM-compatibles, Spectrum ZX and C64 held entirely different software, graphics, games, resources, prices, etc…
In glorious Nippon, an early 80’s gamer would have to pick between the Famicom (aka NES) or three mythical 8-bit machines we only hear whispers about: the PC-8801, the Sharp X1 and the FM-7:
Now, I’m in no way qualified to talk about the technical aspects of Japanese 80’s hardware — I advise you to check this page for more info — but the gist of it is that, since the Japanese language uses crazy moonrunes full of details like 綺麗薔薇, their computers needed a higher resolution to display them. It was not about having fancy graphics, but about allowing people to read & write their own names.
So, while they struggled to render moving sprites (just look at this poor PC-8801 trying to run Mario Bros.), they could display still images that were years ahead of the western PCs.
For comparison, here’s the title screens of two RPGs from 1984: Questron running on the Apple II, and 夢幻の心臓 running on the PC-8801 :
Similarly, here’s two text adventures with static images: The Dark Crystal, part of Sierra’s Hi-Res Adventures, and Enix’s ザース, both from 1983:
Looking at this, it’s perfectly understandable why western developers like Infocom went “eh… let’s keep doing text-only games”, while Japan developed an entire genre based on games with static images — the Visual Novels.
Anyway, with this technological prelude done, let’s jump into the games!
Part II — 1982/1983 — The Early Years
Where does one begin when talking about the first Japanese RPGs?
Well, with some game from 1982/1983. Problem is, no one knows which.
Dragon and Princess / ドラゴンアンドプリンセス is often pointed as the first RPG made in Japan, and it’s particularly interesting for being a party-based game with top-down tactical turn-based combat (before Ultima III popularized such combat system), but at its core it’s a text-adventure game:
This excellent forum thread will tell you that Koei’s Underground Exploration/ 地底探険 predates all others, but again, it’s hard to call it an RPG — you select a group of soldiers and explore the underground, fighting kaiju monsters like Godzilla and Mothra. There’s no progression or character growth:
King Khufu’s Secret / クフ王の秘密 claims to be a “Roll Playing Game”, but it’s a very rare game, there’s no copy of it online. Recently the Game Preservation Society made a post about it, showing that it’s similar to Temple of Apshai:
There are others: Mission: Impossible / スパイ大作戦, a spy-themed Adventure game; Dragon Lair / ドラゴン・レア, a mysterious game that might not even be Japanese; Genma Taisen / 幻魔大戦, based on a manga of the same name, Arfgaldt / アルフガルド, another text-adventure, etc…
I cannot write about this subject without also mentioning Seduction of Condominium Wives / 団地妻の誘惑, Koei’s erotic RPG about a condom salesman visiting an apartment block, where he must knock on doors trying to “sell his products”, while battling Yakuza and ghosts who roam the halls:
It’s interesting many of these games already call themselves “Role-Playing Games”, even thought few of them have traditional features like stats, XP, level ups, classes, etc. I believe this quote by Tokihiro Naito (creator of Hydlide), found in Japansoft: An Oral Story, best represent the spirit that dominated Japanese game development at the time:
“When I created Hydlide, I had never played any Western games at all. Back then, Japanese people didn’t have a defined sense of the RPG genre. I suspect the creators took the appearance of the RPG as a reference, and constructed new types of games according to their own sensibilities. I was inspired by Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and fairy illustrations in books from the West, and developed my own idiosyncratic view of the genre.”
Even those who knew western games were doing very experimental titles. Nihon Falcom began in 1981 as Apple importers in Japan, so they had access to the Apple II and its games. Later becoming developers, they jumped into the genre with Panorama Island / ぱのらま島, an exotic title that uses a hex-based overworld full of traps and obstacles, plus wire-frame first-person dungeons (with auto-mapping!):
While it looks very RPG-ish (and pornographic?), and even sells itself as a “Fantasy Role-Playing Game”, it lacks core elements like stats, XP, level ups… you only have to manage your food and money. Overall, it plays more like a crazy mix of adventure and survival game.
These are all interesting titles from a frontier age that ended when the genre’s conventions were properly established, much like happened in the West in the early 80’s (just look at games like Dragon’s Eye). But how to classify them?
Some early games that are undeniably RPGs, such as Sword and Sorcery / 剣と魔法, Legend of the Holy Sword / 聖剣伝説 and Poibos / ポイボス, but they are very obscure, their release dates are uncertain, etc…
The Japanese are also very confused and frustrated by this. As the writers of the excellent Old Gamers History series of books explain (and I poorly translate):
“There has been exhaustive debate over which is Japans’s first Computer RPG, but no clear answers. The reason is that we don’t have clear release dates for some titles, and the RPG genre is difficult to properly classify.”
Indeed, as a visit to the RPG Codex will quickly demonstrate, “define RPG” is no simple task.
But enough of this historical “chicken or the egg”. Talking about the later, better known games that defined the genre seems like a more productive use of our time, so let’s move on.
Part III — Where we finally get a list (which is what people came to see)
As a reminder, there are entire books on this subject and I only have one article, so I’ll skip curiosities like コズミック・ソルジャー (Cosmic Soldier), ザ・スクリーマー (The Screamer), ロマンシア (Romancia), ファンタジアン (Fantasian), 闘人魔境伝 ヘラクレスの栄光 (Glory of Hercules), リグラス (Riglas) and クルーズチェイサーブラスティー (Cruise Chaser Blassty) — but curious readers should definitely google those later.
So, without further ado, here’s a selection of 15 early JRPGs that shaped the genre:
Dungeon
ダンジョン (December 1983)
The Old Gamers History Vol. 3 book begins their timeline with Koei’s Dungeon, claiming it has a known release date and among the early titles it’s the one closest to “modern RPGs”.
It’s easy to see why. Instantly familiar to anyone who played Ultima, Koei’s Dungeon asks you to pick a class — Warrior, Thief, Cleric, Wizard or Ninja — and explore a large island in search of El Dorado.
While the towns are oddly text-only, the rest of the game is an impressive programming feat — the graphics are way ahead of their time (it has solid walls!), the overworld has a handy mini-map and the island’s underground is a MASSIVE dungeon with multiple entry points that’s over 250 x 250 squares!
The developers were clearly big D&D fans, as you’ll face Mind Flayers, Frost Giants, Flesh Golems and even the demon prince Demogorgon, awkwardly traced from the rule book:
Curiously, no beholders. I guess the Japanese also think that 1st ed. beholders look ridiculous.
The Black Onyx
ザ・ブラックオニキス (January 1984)
Henk Rogers (now best-known for his dealings with Tetris) was a Dutch/American RPG fan who moved to Japan and noticed a lack of games like Wizardry. So he decided to create his own.
While not “Japan’s first Role-Playing Game ever!”, as it’s often claimed, The Black Onyx was the country’s first popular RPG, selling over 150,000 units, spreading the genre and influencing many developers.
Rogers tells that people didn’t understand what RPGs were, so he couldn’t sell his game at first. In order to get the word out, he hired a translator and went present the game to computer magazines:
“I sat down with each editor and asked them for their name. I typed this in and then asked them to choose the head that looked most like them. In this way I taught them how to roll a D&D character. Then I left them to play.”
What’s also noteworthy is that the game was a pioneer in allowing players to customize their character’s appearance, and even had character’s equipment actually show on-screen in their avatars. It also used colored bars to indicate character’s health — an idea that would be extremely common afterwards.
Heart of Fantasy
夢幻の心臓 (March 1984)
Mortally wounded in battle, you curse the gods. They listen, and banish you to a dark world of monsters, treasures and adventure. If you wish to return to your own world, you must find the eponymous “Heart of Fantasy”. But there’s a timer ticking — you have 30,000 days.
XtalSoft’s Heart of Fantasy is another game inspired by Ultima, but while Dungeon was very simplistic, this one is a full-fledged adventure. It has a massive open world, several cities, many wire-frame dungeons, fancy enemy graphics, NPCs, quests, spells, equipment and many character building options, as you can spend XP to level up individual stats.
However, the game is quite difficult and heavy on grinding (a trend we’ll see a lot of), forcing players to repeatedly kill farmers and other weak enemies until they can safely start taking quests and exploring the world.
Tower of Druaga
ドルアーガの塔 (July 1984)
Conceived as a “Fantasy Pac-Man “, this deceptively simple Namco arcade classic casts you as Gilgamesh, who must climb the 60 floors of the tower and save the princess from the evil Druaga.
In each floor you must grab a randomly placed key and unlock the door to the next floor, avoiding hazards and killing monsters in the way. Combat is done by simply “bumping” into enemies, but some require special items or strategies — ghosts can only be seen if you have a lit candle, for example.
The trick is that each level has a hidden chest, and if you truly want to beat the game, getting those is mandatory. Each item in each floor requires a specific action to be performed. Some are simple: killing three green slimes in Floor 1 wields a pickaxe, which can destroys walls. Cool.
But others are crazy: to reveal the hidden chest in Floor 18, you must avoid touching any walls for 10 seconds. However, the chest is locked and will only open if you have the Unlock Potion from Floor 17, which only appeared if you allowed a Ghost Mage to teleport five times. Inside the chest is the Dragon Slayer sword, but you can only equip it if you got the White Sword from Floor 5, which required you to…
Did I mention there’s a time limit? Yeah, no wonder it never made into the US.
(But just imagine the arcade debates this generated — and how cool was the kid in school who knew how to get to Floor 42! Oh GameFAQs, you ruined gaming.)
Widely popular in Japan, its magical items and real-time “bump” combat inspired Dragon Slayer, Hydlide, The Legend of Zelda and many others. Still inspire, if you think of the obtuse puzzles some Japanese games have.
Dragon Slayer
ドラゴンスレイヤー (November 1984)
If Tower of Druaga was about uncovering obscure secrets, Falcom’s Dragon Slayer is about grinding.
You’re locked inside a huge dungeon and tasked to slay a dragon, but you start too weak. Your only hope is to slowly explore, finding treasures and bringing them back to your home to increase your stats until you’re powerful enough to actually slay the dragon. And then a new dungeon appears, the cycle repeats.
Like in Druaga, the game is real-time and you fight by bumping into enemies. There are useful magical items as well, but you can only carry one at a time, so be prepared to backtrack or juggle items back to your house. Optionally, you can also push your house around the dungeon, because why not.
2020 UPDATE: Dragon Slayer is often considered the first Action-RPG ever, since Tower of Druaga didn’t actually have stats, but thanks to Samuel Messner’s research, we now know that Dragon Slayer began as a clone of The Caverns of Freitag (1982), meaning it’s NOT the first Action-RPG.
Falcom eventually created a extensive list of over 60 sequels, expansions and spin-offs of Dragon Slayer, some which we’ll mention next, others which you probably know about, like Legacy of the Wizard (1987) and the excellent The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky (2004).
Hydlide
ハイドライド (December 1984)
Dragon Slayer was limited to dull dungeons, but T&E Soft’s Hydlide took the Tower of Duraga formula to a (rather tiny) colorful open world, in an epic adventure where players must explore the land in search of magic items to rescue the princess — after they slowly grind experience, of course.
A massive hit in Japan, it’s one of the most influential JRPGs of the early 80’s, credited for introducing quick saves and regenerating health (although 1982’s Dungeons of Daggorath did it first!)
However, it only reached the West in 1989, two years after The Legend of Zelda had far surpassed it, and was bashed for its mandatory grinding and frustrating difficulty.
Xanadu
ザナドゥ (November 1985)
A sequel to Dragon Slayer, Xanadu changed almost everything.
It adds a town where you can train individual stats or buy items from NPCs with gorgeous artwork. Beneath the town lies an expansive maze, which you explore in a platform-like side-scrolling view.
When you touch an enemy or enter a dungeon, the game changes to a top-down “arena” view, much like what The Legend of Zelda would later use. Combat is still “bump-based”, but the spells, items, equipment and diverse enemies make Xanadu much more engaging than its predecessors.
Finally, now there are several different boss enemies, which you fight in a unique “boss battle” room.
Heart of Fantasy 2
夢幻の心臓II (November 1985)
The second game improved just about every aspect of the original.
It changed the wire-frame first-person dungeons into scrolling top-down maps, added better graphics, a five-character party and a three large interconnected worlds you can explore — the land of humans, of elves and of demons. It even has a line-of-sight system, where walls and other obstacles block you view (just like in Ultima III):
Searching this game online wields many claims that it influenced / was copied by Dragon Quest. Things like the “ Ultima exploration + Wizardry combat” mix, the various status effects or the shape of the world map are mentioned, but what stands out is that, while Heart of Fantasy 2 is a PC-exclusive, it abandons hotkeys for an accessible two-button menu-based interface — one of Dragon Quest’ s defining features.
The Old Gamers History book merely says this is a useless discussion that has been going for too long between fans — both are old-school RPGs that descend from Ultima and took their battle systems from Wizardry.
Regardless, this was a game loved by many, and playing it you can see why. It’s a Japanese Ultima — not a mere clone anymore, but a solid title on its own right. If this was released in English back then, it would probably as fondly remember by the west as well.
The Legend of Zelda
ゼルダの伝説 (February 1986)
Miyamoto and his team took Hydlide’s and Xanadu’s formula and showed how to do it right.
They added an attack button, created a huge world full of secrets, designed clever dungeons, puzzles and boss battles, made magic items that actually impact gameplay and got rid of all the stats, XP, levels and grinding (so it’s not an RPG, ok?).
In doing so, The Legend of Zelda created a new genre, that we poorly named the Action-Adventure, where the series still rules.
Dragon Quest
ドラゴンクエスト (May 1986)
Dragon Quest was the perfect game at the perfect time — and in the perfect platform.
Created by Yuji Horii, an RPG fan who wished to reach wider audiences, it blended Wizardry’s first-person battles with Ultima’s NPCs and open-world, wrapped in a friendly menu-based interface. Suddenly RPGs no longer required expensive PCs and a huge keyboard (with a Quick Reference Card nearby), anyone could play them using the Famicom/NES and its two-button controller!
Amplified by Akira Toriyama’s colorful art style, a massive hit was born: Dragon Quest sold over 2 million copies in Japan, spawning a massive series and defining the JRPG genre.
In 1990 Enix published a manga re-telling the game’s development, titled Road to Dragon Quest /ドラゴンクエストへの道. Among other things, it shows the developer’s passion for Wizardry and Ultima:
Ys
イース (June 1987)
A team at Falcom thought CRPGs were getting too demanding, directed only towards hardcore gamers,so they decided to created an Action RPG focused on fun and adventure.
The result is a light-hearted epic saga that’s accessible (it uses a slightly more complex “bump combat”), has some memorable moments and packs one of gaming’s best soundtrack.
While overlooked in the West, in Japan it stands tall as one of the landmarks of the genre, alongside Dragon Quest and Final Fantasy. And it’s still going, with Ys IX: Monstrum Nox being recently released in Japan.
Curious readers can read HG101’s excellent analysis of the series for more information.
Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei
デジタル・デビル物語 ストーリー 女神転生 (November 1987)
Based on a novel of the same name, Atlus’ Megami Tensei stars Akemi Nakajima, a teenage hacker who uses his 1337 h4x0r sk1llz to summon demons. Shockingly, it backfires.
As the demons — including Lucifer — run out of control, it’s up to Akemi and his girlfriend Yumiko to stop them — fighting the demons, or simply talking to them and recruiting them to your party. A very cool feature is that you can also fuse demons into more powerful demons.
A cult classic, it receive a great sequels and spin-offs, including the amazing Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne (which you SHOULD play) and the now-mainstream Persona series.
Final Fantasy
ファイナルファンタジー (December 1987)
The story is well known: Square’s business were bad and Hironobu Sakaguchi was frustrated with his job, so they bet everything on a massive, “final” adventure, that would either sink or swim.
Building upon the Dragon Quest’s formula, Final Fantasy is a huge game, where four “heroes of light” have to travel the world — by feet, boat and airship — to purify the four elemental orbs.
Unlike its sequels, there isn’t much of a story here, and heroes are chosen at the start of the game — you can pick any combination of Warrior, Fist Master, Thief, White Mage, Red Mage and Black Mage.
While it didn’t sell as much as Dragon Quest, the series made a lot more success overseas, and ended up becoming the world’s best-know JRPG series.
Sorcerian
ソーサリアン (December 1987)
The fifth title in Falcom’s huge Dragon Slayer series, it expanded the RPG elements, added many magic spells and a party of four custom characters. It’s a weird action-RPG, as you control the lead hero and the rest of the party follows, mimicking when you attack, cast spells or jump.
It also had a job system, where your characters had day jobs — like Carpenter, Cheese Maker, Translator, Barber or even Clown — that would earn them money and different stats increases. So yeah, Sir Grömlash the Despoiler might be a shoe maker when not slaying dragons… gotta pay those bills, yo.
The game was module-based, divided into several missions that can be done in any order. However, the difficulty of later missions can be brutal for low-level characters. On the other hand, doing missions and working will age your characters, which may lead to them dying of old age.
In the following years many “Scenario Packs” were released, adding dozens of new mission, including content made by fans in official design contests. The game was re-released in 2019 as Sorcerian Complete, with 59 missions!
Phantasy Star
ファンタシースター (December 1987)
Developed by SEGA and often voted the best game for the Master System, Phantasy Star raised the bar for JRPGs with its excellent graphics, memorable cast and by having an evolving story.
As the game starts, a cutscene shows your brother being killed by soldiers of Lord Lassic. And so you, Alis, venture forth to form a resistance and overthrown the tyrant! Along the way, Alis will find three companions — Odin, a brute warrior; Lutz, an arrogant sorcerer; and Myau, a magical cat-like creature.
The game really stands out for its presentation — cutscenes play throughout the story, the party follows the man character on-screen, the first-person dungeons scroll smoothly and are shown full-screen, without any UI to clutter it… I mean, just look at this:
That’s not a fake CGI trailer, it’s actual gameplay, on a console from 1985!
While the other games listed here look pretty simplistic today, with stale “defeat evil” plots and generic / custom characters, Phantasy Star feels like a transition piece, a template for many of the JRPGs that would come in the next decades.
Part IV — The end of an Era
By the end of 1987 consoles had become the definitive platform for JRPGs — and for Japanese games overall, a complete reversal of the situation in the US.
Even with the popularization of 16-bit computers later on, the PC was left for niche titles which made use of their amazing capabilities to render high-res still images: Visual Novels and erotic games — including erotic JRPGs like Rance and Dragon Knight. Only Falcom would remain strong defenders of PCs JRPGs — which might explain why they are barely known in the West.
As such, Western CRPGs lost all relevance to the Japanese market — Dungeon Master, Wasteland, SSI’s Gold Box series, Diablo, Daggerfall, Baldur’s Gate, Fallout, System Shock 2, Deus Ex, Morrowind, Gothic and other classics either never made to Japan or barely made an impact. Even the Ultima series, so influential years before, lost all relevance — have you ever seen a JRPG based on Ultima VII?
Wizardry, on the other hand, would gain new life in Japan. While Sir-Tech imploded in the 90’s, the Japanese would acquire the serie’s license and produce over 30 Wizardry games, remakes and spin-offs, plus novels, manga series, anime, toys, mobile games, tabletop RPGs and even a MMORPG:
But that’s a story for another time…
Hope you all enjoyed this not-so-quick retrospective, and if you have any doubts, criticism, suggestions or angry rants, feel free to leave them bellow in the comments.
As a disclaimer, information here was collected mostly from the excellent book OLD GAMERS HISTORY vol.3 ロールプレイングゲーム編 1979年~1991年 創, the less-impressive RPG伝説 80年代編, the great work done by folks at Hardcore Gaming 101, my research for The CRPG Book and blogs like The Tower of Retro Game and The CRPG Addict, from where I stole info & pictures. ごめんなさい ┻┳|･ω･).
Originally published in 2016 at https://www.gamasutra.com.
